Assembly language provides a direct mapping between the numerical machine code and a human readable version where numerical opcodes and operands are replaced by readable strings (e.g. However, microcode is not intended to be changed by the end user on normal commercial CPUs. There is, on some CPUs, a lower level interface in the form of (modifiable) microcode that implement the machine code. Machine code is a strictly numerical language, and is the lowest-level interface to the CPU intended for a programmer. x86, ARM) has its own ISA, and hence its own specific machine code language. In general, each architecture family (e.g.

This acts as an abstraction layer, enabling compatibility within the same family of CPUs, so that machine code written or generated according to the ISA for the family will run on all CPUs in the family, including future CPUs. The notion of an instruction set architecture (ISA) defines and specifies the behavior and encoding in memory of the instruction set of the system, without specifying its exact implementation. Each instruction causes the CPU to perform a very specific task, such as a load, a store, a jump, or an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) operation on one or more units of data in the CPU's registers or memory.Įarly CPUs had specific machine code that might break backwards compatibility with each new CPU released. In computer programming, machine code is any low-level programming language, consisting of machine language instructions, which are used to control a computer's central processing unit (CPU). Machine language monitor in a W65C816S single-board computer, displaying code disassembly, as well as processor register and memory dumps.

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